How We Use Advanced SAM.gov Search for Federal Contract Wins

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Federal contract opportunities are posted daily on SAM.gov; finding the right ones requires skill and a clear process. With thousands of notices live at any time, business owners can easily waste hours sifting through irrelevant listings or overlook high-value projects that fit their expertise. That’s why having a proven strategy for SAM.gov search, advanced filter mastery, and NAICS code targeting separates consistent winners from those who get lost in the noise.

A strong keyword search and innovative use of SAM.gov’s account features are what set top performers apart. Saved searches and alerts give us early access to high-quality bids, often before others become aware of them. When we understand set-aside contracts, know how to use PSC codes, and maintain a clean workflow, we can identify the right fit faster and avoid missed opportunities. This kind of discipline builds a steady flow of real opportunities. When we incorporate these steps into our business development routine, we work more efficiently, eliminate wasted effort, and maintain our focus on contracts that align with our strengths. This is how we cultivate a win rate that stands the test of time, regardless of market changes.

Accessing Contract Opportunities on SAM.gov: Entry Points and Navigation

When it comes to searching for government contract opportunities, SAM.gov stands out as the hub for finding, tracking, and organizing federal notices. Navigating SAM.gov goes far beyond entering search terms and hitting the search button. Knowing where to start, how to choose the right filters, and the benefits of having an account can transform the process from overwhelming to efficient. Let’s walk through ways to access contract opportunities, use keyword search strategies, and set up a workflow that brings you closer to the bids you want.

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Getting Started: Where and How to Access Contract Opportunities

SAM.gov is open to everyone, but the way we access it makes all the difference. We can search for contract opportunities on SAM.gov’s Contract Opportunities page without an account. This entry point is a quick way to run basic searches, check when contracts were posted, and skim through high-level info.

However, there are advantages to signing in:

  • We can save our most effective searches for future use.
  • The “follow” feature lets us stay updated as opportunities change.
  • We get access to more powerful filters and workflow optimization tools for precision targeting.

The GSA official page on accessing contract opportunities provides other helpful tips for both first-time users and seasoned professionals.

Key Navigation Points: Finding Opportunities with Confidence

Finding the right contract begins with understanding how the platform is structured. On the SAM.gov homepage, we’ll spot the main “Search” bar, where entering a keyword, NAICS code, or PSC code launches a stream of options. Here’s how we steer through efficiently:

  1. Opportunities Tab: Direct access to live contract listings.
  2. Advanced Search Options: Applying NAICS or PSC codes, filtering by set-aside status, location, agency, or posted date. This is where Advanced Filter Mastery: Precision Targeting gives us an edge.
  3. Account Features: Logging in allows us to save favorite searches, receive email alerts, and create custom search strategies.

Looking for the official search page? Visit SAM.gov and search for a streamlined way to get started.

Custom Views and Saved Searches: Building Our Workflow

Time is money, especially in government contracting. By using account features and saved searches, we make the process repeatable and easy to manage:

  • After signing in, we create and save search templates tailored to our keyword search strategy.
  • We set up alerts for new listings that match our NAICS code search on SAM.gov, including set-aside contracts and PSC codes for government contracts.
  • Instead of starting from scratch each time, saved searches serve as our personal opportunity pipeline dashboard.

This workflow keeps us on track and makes it easy to spot the right bids while filtering out listings that waste our time.

Entry Summary

Quick entry points, smart navigation, and leveraging the built-in features of SAM.gov all help us transition from being overwhelmed to being in control. We can identify what fits our business development strategy and focus on winning, rather than just searching. For a direct path to current contract postings, bookmark the Contract Opportunities section for regular use.

Keyword Search Strategy: Building a Strong Opportunity Pipeline

A steady opportunity pipeline begins with an effective keyword search strategy. The federal market has its own language, and if we use terms from the private sector, SAM.gov may overlook key projects that align with our strengths and capabilities. To discover government contract opportunities that genuinely reflect the breadth of what we offer, we need to utilize a combination of general and technical keywords, be mindful of the differences between government-speak and industry-specific terms, and steer clear of common pitfalls that can trip up even experienced users.

Industry-Specific Keyword Approaches: General and Technical Term Tactics

When we search for federal contract opportunities, the right keywords make or break our pipeline:

  • Mixing General with Technical: Searching only for broad terms like “IT services” can drown us in irrelevant results, while searching too narrowly (“hybrid cloud orchestration platform”) can miss contracts that use basic or outdated language.
  • Map Your Industry Lingo: Identify the spectrum of phrases buyers might use. For example, healthcare vendors should search for both “health IT” and “electronic health records” as well as the specific system names or standards.
  • Government vs. Industry Language: Federal buyers won’t always use the latest industry terms. Instead, they may use “legacy system upgrade” or NAICS codes rather than brand or product names. Our job is to think like a contracting officer. Refer to official lists, such as the NAICS code search on SAM.gov, to align our services with federal terminology.
  • Check Prior Contract Awards: By reviewing previous contract awards through the USAspending keyword search tool, we can spot patterns in how federal agencies describe needs. This helps uncover the combination of technical language and government speak used in real solicitations.
  • Search Synonyms and Common Misspellings: If we sell cybersecurity solutions, include terms such as “information security,” “risk management,” and even acronyms like “CMMC” or “RMF.”

By utilizing these keyword layers, we can cast a wide net and then employ Advanced Filter Mastery: Precision Targeting to refine our results, saving time and enhancing our pipeline.

Avoiding Common Keyword Pitfalls

Even with the right search tactics, it’s easy to trip up. Here are some mistakes we watch for:

  • Too Much Specificity: Plugging in hyper-niche terms (like a single product version) can leave dozens of great opportunities off the page. It’s smarter to start broad, then filter down.
  • Company or Product Jargon: Federal solicitations rarely use our internal nicknames or custom abbreviations. Stick to language straight from posted solicitations, contract award history, and industry guides.
  • Non-Government Acronyms: Industry shorthand (e.g., “IoT” or “ERP”) may differ from official government terminology. Verify if the agency uses different terms, such as “internet-connected devices” or “enterprise resource planning.”
  • Ignoring Synonyms and Variants: Different agencies use different words for the same service. If we only search with one, we risk missing others. For example, “architecture” and “design services” both pull relevant opportunities.
  • Missing Set-Asides and PSC Codes: Relying just on keywords skips opportunities tagged with set-aside contracts or specific PSC codes for government contracts.

How do we fix these pitfalls?

  • Regularly review and adjust keyword lists, including variants and NAICS codes, to ensure optimal performance.
  • Save multiple custom searches on SAM.gov to cover both broad and narrow terms, ensuring comprehensive coverage across all relevant categories.
  • Use the “follow” and alert features with flexible, not rigid, keyword settings.

Building a robust federal contract search takes patience and flexibility. The more we fine-tune our process, the faster our workflow optimization becomes and the more likely we are to catch contracts before competitors do.

Advanced Filter Mastery: Precision Targeting for Federal Contracts

Precision targeting is a time-saver and the most effective tool for building a federal pipeline that aligns with our business focus. With the right mix of filters, we can eliminate noise, identify hidden gems, and pinpoint contracts that best suit our team’s skills and certifications. Here’s how we utilize NAICS and PSC codes, set-aside filters, geographic selections, and agency-level tools to streamline our SAM.gov searches, allowing them to do the heavy lifting.

Using NAICS and PSC Codes for Targeted Search

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NAICS codes (North American Industry Classification System) define the primary industry of a contract, while PSC codes (Product Service Codes) describe the exact goods or services the government is buying. Both codes sharpen our search results, but they work differently:

  • NAICS Codes: Group opportunities by industry, such as IT, construction, marketing, or medical services.
    • Example: 541512 for Computer Systems Design Services or 236220 for Commercial and Institutional Building Construction.
  • PSC Codes: Drill down into the products or tasks performed, such as software licenses, consulting, or electrical work.
    • Example: D307 for Automated Information Systems Services or Y1AA for Construction of Office Buildings.

Why use both?

  • NAICS codes enable us to instantly focus on markets where our core capabilities align.
  • PSC codes catch jobs across overlapping sectors, helping us find contracts others may miss.

Many businesses qualify for several codes, and SAM.gov allows multi-code strategies. When searching, we add multiple NAICS and PSC codes to the advanced search form. For instance, a tech consulting firm might use 541519 for IT Value-Added Resellers and D399 for Other Computer Services, to cover a broader range of services.

Set-Aside Contracts and Socioeconomic Targeting

Targeting set-aside contracts can instantly filter out competition and focus us on bids meant for businesses like ours. The federal government reserves many contracts for small businesses or certain groups, including:

  • 8(a) Business Development: For firms owned by socially and economically disadvantaged individuals.
  • HUBZone: Geared towards businesses in historically underutilized business zones.
  • SDVOSB: Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business.
  • WOSB: Woman-Owned Small Business.

Who qualifies? Each program has its own requirements, ownership, control, size, and sometimes location. By seeking out these set-asides, we unlock access to work that is typically available only to a select pool of competitors.

On SAM.gov, set-aside filters let us:

  • Search only for contracts tagged as 8(a), HUBZone, SDVOSB, or WOSB.
  • Filter down to contracts open to small businesses or special categories.
  • Build saved search alerts for any qualifying criteria.

Take a deep dive into these programs and how they work at the SBA’s set-aside contract guide and GSA’s overview of set-asides and interest groups.

Key Takeaway: By utilizing set-aside filters, we can sharpen our competitive edge and qualify more quickly for projects that reward specialized backgrounds.

Geographic and Agency Level Targeting

When our company footprint matters, whether it’s local, regional, or national, a geographic filter narrows our SAM.gov search to opportunities we can realistically serve. We can:

  • Filter by ZIP code to catch city or county-based work.
  • Use state selectors to target clusters of projects in priority service areas.
  • Set multi-state alerts if we operate in more than one region.

We focus on matching our workflow with contracts that fit our location, staffing, and budget. Our team takes on projects that we can handle with confidence, ensuring everyone works at a sustainable pace. Each bid we pursue advances our business and helps keep our operations efficient.

On the agency side, we can take targeting even further:

  • Use the “Agency” filter to sort contracts by cabinet-level departments, such as Defense, Homeland Security, or Health and Human Services.
  • Select “Sub-Agency” to focus on specific branches, like the Army Corps of Engineers or Veterans Affairs clinics.
  • Combine geographic and agency targeting for laser-focused results. For example, searching for “VA contracts” in Maryland spotlights hospital upgrades or IT needs at specific Veterans Affairs campuses.

For the most up-to-date advanced search instructions, visit SAM.gov. Use the “Follow” button on opportunities or agencies to get real-time updates from the departments you track most. This feature helps you stay current as new contracts are posted or details change.

Pro Tip: Save your geographic and agency-targeted searches with clear names in your account features. This keeps your pipeline active and helps new opportunities land right in your workflow, feeding into your integration with business development strategy.

Precision filtering on SAM.gov transforms our search from a guessing game into a systematic process. By setting up smart filters for NAICS codes, set-asides, geography, and agency, we avoid common pitfalls and build a repeatable workflow that supports stronger, more qualified bids.

Workflow Optimization: Systematic Search and Opportunity Management

When the goal is to grow federal contract wins, a systematic process is necessary. Managing government contract opportunities on SAM.gov without a clear workflow is like tackling a maze blindfolded. To meet deadlines, efficiently identify contracts, and stay ahead of competitors, our approach combines optimal SAM.gov advanced search techniques, account features tailored for power users, and deliberate integration with our business development strategy. Here’s how we build repeatable, time-saving routines to streamline every search and capture the contracts that fit our goals.

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Building a Step-by-Step Search Workflow

A strong workflow begins with steps that we can repeat and scale, ensuring our process remains stable despite staff changes, busy seasons, or shifting priorities.

Here’s the approach we use each time:

  1. Log in to SAM.gov using our business account for full access to saved searches and advanced features. New to account tools? The SAM.gov help page guides setup, troubleshooting, and getting more out of account features.
  2. Review and update saved searches. Tweak filters, expire out old keywords, and check for any missed opportunity types.
  3. Run both quick and advanced searches. Use recent, broad keyword searches alongside tighter NAICS code and PSC code filters to balance scope and focus. A source like the Contract Opportunities page is perfect for this.
  4. Flag and follow relevant opportunities for real-time updates. This moves strong matches into our personal dashboard, allowing us to track status changes and important deadlines.
  5. Document decisions in a central location, such as a spreadsheet, CRM, or collaborative tool, so that all team members are aware of which opportunities are being considered, bid on, or declined.

These actions keep our efforts steady and make onboarding new team members far easier.

Opportunity Management: From Search to Pipeline

Finding good contract leads is the first step. Real workflow optimization means moving those findings into a working pipeline and taking action. We organize every promising SAM.gov result so that each potential contract receives a fair review and nothing falls through the cracks.

Here’s how we keep our pipeline moving and organized:

  • Assign ownership for each opportunity. One team member verifies the requirements, deadlines, and alignment with our capabilities.
  • Score opportunities by matching each one to our NAICS codes, preferred contract size, and set-aside eligibility; we can give a quick score for every criteria met. This keeps our team focused on bids that match our abilities and quickly removes those outside our core strengths..
  • Schedule regular reviews (at least weekly) to keep our pipeline up to date and avoid chasing low-probability bids.
  • Automate alerts for saved searches and new listings, so we stay on top of every strong opportunity. With alerts in place, the right contracts never slip by unnoticed, and we act fast, beating the rush instead of playing catch-up.

This pipeline approach saves time and sharpens our proposal planning. It means our team focuses on the right contracts, those we’re most likely to win.

Using Account Features for Power Users

SAM.gov’s account capabilities can transform average users into search experts. We use these features to cut through noise and streamline daily routines:

  • Saved Searches: We store our best search settings (keywords, NAICS codes, set asides) for quick reuse. For a refresher, the SAM.gov saved searches guide has details.
  • Alerts and Notifications: Receive instant updates when new opportunities match our criteria, allowing us to respond more quickly than the competition.
  • Opportunity “Follow” List: We curate a shortlist of high-priority contracts to track status updates, Q&A deadlines, and amendment postings in one spot.
  • History and Reporting: Account dashboards allow us to see what we’ve searched, followed, or bid on, simplifying reporting and lessons-learned sessions.

Mastering these features helps us work smarter, avoid manual busywork, and make our workflow optimization sustainable. If we ever need a hand navigating options, the SAM.gov help center can answer most account-related questions.

Integrating with Our Business Development Strategy

To make our workflow valuable, we connect every search to our bigger goals. We present our results in team meetings, categorize them by relevance, and refresh our pipeline on a weekly basis. We flag good matches early and send the best leads to sales and proposal teams right away. By updating schedules and tracking how new opportunities affect our targets, we stay on course for growth. This link between searching and strategy helps us focus, learn what works, and build a path to more wins each cycle.

  • Map contract types to service lines: Ensure every opportunity in our pipeline fits what we do best.
  • Share search results with sales and proposal teams: Keep everyone aligned and ready for quick turnaround.
  • Track key performance indicators (KPIs) such as time-to-find, proposal rate, win rate, and reasons for loss. These numbers reveal our strengths, areas for improvement, and what needs to change. Reviewing results in this way enables us to identify and address problems early, while building on successes. We keep these KPIs at the forefront of every team review, ensuring everyone stays focused on progress.

Seamless integration helps us avoid the trap of simply collecting leads. Instead, we build a qualified pipeline that supports our revenue targets without drowning our team in paperwork.

Critical Success Factors and Common Pitfalls

The difference between strong federal contract pipelines and scattershot efforts comes down to a few key habits:

Success factors:

  • Use SAM.gov’s advanced search and filters to target the specific contracts you need.
  • Update saved searches and pipeline regularly.
  • Pair automated alerts with weekly review meetings.
  • Keep a clear record of every major choice your team makes. This builds trust and allows everyone to look back and see why decisions were made.

Common pitfalls:

  • Forgetting to maintain saved search criteria leads to off-target opportunities.
  • Failing to assign clear responsibility for each contract lead.
  • Chasing every opportunity instead of scoring and prioritizing.
  • Overlooking workflow tools outside of SAM.gov, like CRM pipelines or project boards.

When we connect account tools, step-by-step routines, and clear goals, our workflow does more than keep us busy; it puts us in the best position to win, again and again.

Account Features for Power Users: Saved Searches, Alerts, and Data Export

On SAM.gov, the correct account features save time and give us a daily edge. Power users know that federal contract searches are won or lost on systems. Using saved searches, notifications, and data exports, we eliminate the guesswork from our pipeline, spot trends before others do, and never miss a critical deadline.

Strategic Saved Searches and Notification Setup: Step-by-step on saving searches, setting alerts, and organizing by market segment or agency trends

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SAM.gov saved searches are a must-have tool for anyone serious about workflow optimization and building a repeatable process. We start by building searches around keywords, NAICS codes, PSC codes, set-aside contracts, and even location or agency filters. Here’s how we organize and automate:

  • After logging in, we create a custom search on the Contract Opportunities page.
  • We utilize Advanced Search to apply filters such as agency, location, set-aside type, and date posted. This enables us to concentrate solely on contracts that align with our criteria and disregard listings that fall outside our guidelines.
  • To save our search, we click “Save Search” (at the top of the results), enter a clear name, such as “VA IT Contracts – HUBZone Only” or “DoD Construction, Mid-Atlantic, 236220.”
  • For each saved search, we set an alert frequency, which can be either daily or weekly. SAM.gov sends email notifications for new opportunities that meet our criteria.
  • By organizing searches by market segment, NAICS code, or agency, we track trends and respond quickly to releases in our target market.

These custom dashboards enable us to track new solicitations, amendments, and cancellations. If we want updates on a specific opportunity or contract, we use the “Follow” feature. This drops every change (RFI, Q&A, amendments) right into our feed for proper workflow optimization.

A helpful tip: document your main saved searches and their criteria in a shared team file. This keeps your pipeline transparent and helps new staff pick up where others left off.

Exporting and Analyzing Opportunity Data: Show how and why to export data, pipeline tracking, market analysis, and competitor benchmarking

Getting value from SAM.gov is about seeing what’s live today, it’s about spotting patterns and guiding strategic decisions. Power users export data to do more than fill a pipeline; we use export tools for market research, trend tracking, and side-by-side competitor benchmarking.

  • On any search results page, we hit “Download” or “Export” to output listings into Excel or CSV format.
  • We pull fields that matter: opportunity type, agency, value, location, response dates, NAICS code, and contract length.
  • Our team loads this into CRM systems, spreadsheets, or analytics dashboards. We track upcoming events and compare won and lost opportunities against our NAICS code search on SAM.gov.
  • Exported data provides a comprehensive snapshot of the pipeline, ideal for team meetings, forecasting, and proposal planning.

Through regular exports, we identify recurring buyers, average deal cycles, and shifting scope in specific PSC codes. This shapes our proposal focus and keeps our strategy up to date. It also helps us benchmark against competitors by observing who’s winning, what they’re winning, and how requirements evolve over time.

Account features, such as saved searches, alerts, and export options, keep us organized, focused, and ready to act on high-value government contract opportunities, rather than react to them. These are the tools that separate consistent federal contract winners from everyone else.

Critical Success Factors for Bidding: Bid/No-Bid and Early Engagement

Knowing how to search on SAM.gov and manage workflows is only part of the story. Even the best pipeline collapses if we chase every contract or miss the right timing. Smart businesses thrive by establishing clear, repeatable processes for determining which bids are worth pursuing and acting promptly to engage in the right opportunities. Let’s examine how we utilize Bid/No-Bid criteria and early engagement tactics to enhance our win rates and mitigate common bidding pitfalls.

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Defining and Applying the Bid/No-Bid Decision

The Bid/No-Bid process serves as our filter for assessing opportunity risk and reward. We don’t just spot a match and bid—it’s about protecting our time and reputation. Successful companies use a list of clear questions or scorecards to guide their decision on whether to prepare a proposal.

Key things we ask ourselves include:

  • Does the contract align with our strengths, experience, and NAICS code?
  • Do we meet all mandatory requirements, including set-asides or past performance?
  • Can we price competitively and deliver within the agency’s timeline and budget?
  • Is there too much competition from larger or entrenched firms?
  • Are partner or subcontractor relationships needed, and do we have them lined up?

We make this review fast and consistent. For most of us, a checklist or weighted scorecard helps prevent personal bias and “gut decisions” from clouding our judgment. If an opportunity scores low or has key red flags, we move on, saving focus for better pipeline fits.

The Importance of Early Engagement on Opportunities

Timeliness in government contracting gives us a leg up. Waiting until a solicitation drops means we’re already behind. Instead, we watch for pre-solicitation notices, sources sought, and requests for information (RFIs) as part of our SAM.gov advanced search workflow.

Early engagement lets us:

  • Shape the opportunity by asking clarifying questions or sharing our capabilities with acquisition officials.
  • Spot “wired” solicitations (those likely tailored for a competitor) before wasting resources on a no-hope bid.
  • Build essential relationships with contracting officers, even before the formal solicitation hits.
  • Gather intelligence on the agency’s pain points so our proposal accurately addresses their needs.

By tracking these signals in our saved searches and alerts, we can respond quickly, often within days, and demonstrate our responsiveness and expertise as a vendor. Pairing this with workflow optimization helps us never miss a chance to engage early.

Bid/No-Bid Best Practices and Pitfalls to Avoid

For a Bid/No-Bid and early engagement process to work, we make it part of our routine. Here’s how we keep it sharp:

  • Write down our core Bid/No-Bid questions and review them for every opportunity.
  • Involve multiple team members to check for blind spots in the decision.
  • Document why we passed or pursued each bid; use these notes to improve future choices.
  • Watch out for “just keep bidding” syndrome; chasing every contract wastes resources and hurts morale.

On the flip side, we avoid these common errors:

  • Waiting too long to make a Bid/No-Bid call, which eats up valuable prep time.
  • Ignoring RFIs or sources sought because they don’t appear to be “real” opportunities; early steps often signal bigger work ahead.
  • Not updating our Bid/No-Bid process as our business or the market changes.

Connecting Bid/No-Bid to the Search and Bid Pipeline

Our team links the Bid/No-Bid and early engagement process with our search strategy and saved search alerts on SAM.gov. As soon as a new opportunity lands on our dashboard, it’s reviewed using our Bid/No-Bid checklist. If it’s a match, we engage early and start planning the submission. If not, we remove it from the pipeline, freeing up resources for high-probability wins.

We adhere to our Bid/No-Bid checklist and reach out to the contracting team promptly. This keeps our efforts targeted and prevents wasted time on unproductive deals. Clear decision-making up front ensures our advanced search, NAICS targeting, and saved account features bring in only quality opportunities, helping us win more and work smarter.

Additional Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them

Searching for and bidding on SAM.gov contract opportunities can sometimes feel like crossing a minefield. It’s easy to fall into traps that hurt our results or waste precious hours. Many of us focus on building a process, utilizing account features, creating effective keyword strategies, and integrating our search with business development; yet even well-prepared teams are not immune to the simple yet damaging mistakes that cause missed bids and wasted effort.

Let’s break down the most frequent pitfalls we see with SAM.gov advanced search, NAICS code targeting, and bid management. We’ll outline how to avoid these errors, ensuring our approach remains sharp, efficient, and consistently successful.

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Misusing Keywords and Codes

Many businesses begin with the wrong search terms or fail to understand how SAM.gov organizes information.

  • Overly narrow keywords: Searching for just one product, acronym, or service can miss relevant projects tagged differently.
  • Skipping NAICS or PSC codes: Relying only on text searches keeps us from seeing opportunities that are coded but not described in plain language.
  • Ignoring synonyms and variants: The government uses many terms for the same work. If we search for only one, we shrink our pipeline.

How to avoid it: We always include broader and related terms, review our NAICS code search on SAM.gov, and update search lists regularly. We learn from prior awards and mix in general and technical phrases as a habit.

Overlooking Filters and Set-Asides

Set-asides and advanced filters are powerful, but missing a key box can flood us with the wrong listings, or make us invisible to contracts meant for firms like ours.

  • Forgetting set-asides: Passing over small business, HUBZone, SDVOSB, or WOSB filters costs us easy wins.
  • Wrong region or agency: Not using the place of performance or agency filter brings in contracts outside our realistic reach.
  • Not saving searches: Doing the same work from scratch every session leads to inconsistency, wasted time, and missed alerts.

How to avoid it: Use and combine advanced filters, set up saved searches by segment (geography, set-aside type, agency), and review these quarterly to stay current. Regular updates and alerts turn SAM.gov into a custom contract pipeline.

Chasing Every Opportunity

One of the biggest mistakes is treating every opportunity as if it were equal in value.

  • Bid overload: Submitting proposals on every possible contract drains resources and lowers the quality of our proposals.
  • Missing Bid/No-Bid Checks: Skipping a bid/no-bid review can result in wasted time, often chasing contracts where we cannot compete.

How to avoid it: Apply Bid/No-Bid filters before every bid. Score each opportunity based on fit, experience, set-aside status, and realistic resource availability. Create a clear “pass” list so we can focus our energy only on high-probability deals.

Weak Data Management

SAM.gov provides features that enable us to sort, download, and utilize contract data in practical ways. Skipping these options limits our ability to track market patterns and respond to opportunities as they arise.

  • Neglecting saved search results: Failing to organize saved searches by opportunity type or agency results in missed patterns.
  • Forgetting to review and update: Stale keywords, old codes, or outdated search filters cause us to miss new contract types.
  • Not exporting data: If we skip exporting and tracking our opportunities, we lose sight of our workflow and can’t benchmark bidding progress.

How to avoid it: Regularly export and analyze our pipeline. Review filters for accuracy each month, document wins and losses, and compare our NAICS code efforts to stay aligned with market shifts.

Incomplete Registration and Compliance

Before we can even bid, our SAM registration must be spotless. Many opportunities are lost before they begin due to compliance gaps.

  • Incomplete or outdated SAM registration: Our firm can be blocked from submitting if the details are incorrect.
  • Mismatched NAICS codes: Contracts are restricted based on the NAICS listed on our registration. Wrong codes mean missed notifications.

Summary of Best Practices

Let’s keep our workflow optimized with these habits:

  • Utilize advanced filter mastery by combining filters every time.
  • Run a comprehensive keyword search strategy, encompassing both general and specific terms.
  • Set up and refresh saved searches as a standard step.
  • Connect our bidding review to workflow optimization.
  • Audit our SAM registration quarterly to remain eligible for the program.

By avoiding these mistakes, we make every “Ways to Access Contract Opportunities” method more effective, building a stronger, more reliable federal contract pipeline and leaving costly blunders behind.

Integration with Business Development Strategy: Pipeline, Metrics, and Growth

When we treat SAM.gov searches as part of our business development plan, rather than a side project, we make every step count. Integrating tools such as advanced search, NAICS code targeting, and account features with our broader goals helps maintain a healthy pipeline, supports company-wide growth, and provides us with accurate data to refine our processes over time. Let’s break down how this integration shapes smarter bidding, sharper analytics, and long-term federal revenue.

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Building and Tracking a Strong Pipeline

First, a steady pipeline starts with more than search results. Our best practice is to turn every relevant opportunity from SAM.gov into a living, trackable lead in our CRM, spreadsheet, or project board.

We manage our pipeline by:

  • Logging every promising contract into a shared tracking tool.
  • Tagging by agency, NAICS code, set-aside type, and expected value.
  • Assigning owners for research, outreach, and proposal drafts.
  • Setting review and decision dates helps maintain momentum.

Utilizing saved searches and advanced filters ensures a steady flow of new leads daily. Consistency is our secret weapon; missed updates mean missed bids.

Pipeline Metrics that Matter

Instead of measuring opportunities, we track what leads to wins. Our key pipeline metrics include:

  • Total opportunities sourced from SAM.gov advanced search and other channels.
  • Number filtered out using Bid/No-Bid criteria, showing quality over quantity.
  • Opportunities in active proposal development, for workload balance.
  • Win rate on bids submitted, broken down by NAICS code and set-aside category.
  • Time to decision from opportunity open to bid/no-bid call, this helps us spot slowdowns.

Each month, we review these numbers to identify slowdowns and keep our team aligned in the right direction. Keeping an eye on accurate pipeline metrics helps link our daily work to bigger business goals. This way, we act quickly and stay ahead, rather than falling into a pattern of reacting too late.

Linking Pipeline Health to Growth Goals

A pipeline alone isn’t growth; we need to tie every search and bid to strategic targets for revenue, team size, or agency expansion. We match our pipeline to company objectives by:

  • Aligning bids with our most profitable service lines or NAICS sectors.
  • Prioritizing agencies where we want to build long-term relationships.
  • Focusing saved searches and account alerts on areas with the best historical win rates.

With this approach, each contract we pursue moves us closer to our primary growth goals, rather than just increasing our bid numbers. Growth occurs when we make clear, intentional choices and direct our energy toward the right opportunities, rather than every contract we come across.

Using SAM.gov Workflow Features to Power Business Development

Integrating workflow optimization on SAM.gov with the rest of our business process:

  • Keep account features (saved searches, alerts) in sync with CRM and bid reviews.
  • Introduce new automated alerts into our weekly team meetings to keep everyone updated and facilitate discussions on fresh opportunities together.
  • Export data for historical trend analysis and pipeline management.
  • Ensure compliance and registration status are visible so we’re always prepared to bid.

Official support and FAQs for optimizing these steps can be found in the SAM.gov help center.

Continuous Improvement with Account Features and Metrics

Integration enables us to make informed, confident decisions. Every contract we win or lose is thoroughly documented, including the reason for the outcome, team feedback, and updated search strategies. By tying together advanced search, metrics, and pipeline tracking, our approach gets stronger quarter by quarter.

Key takeaways to remember:

  • Keep your pipeline visible to all decision-makers.
  • Utilize data-driven metrics to adjust your business development strategy in real-time.
  • Align every filtered search, whether by NAICS code, set-aside, or agency, to specific growth targets.

We use SAM.gov’s search features and workflow tools as a core part of our business development plan. This approach enables us to stay ahead and deliver more value to our clients and team. By incorporating these tools into our daily routine, we set ourselves up for steady growth in federal contracting, yielding results that last year after year.

Conclusion

Winning federal contracts begins with a systematic approach: a strong keyword search strategy, advanced filter mastery for precision targeting, workflow optimization, and the full utilization of account features for power users. We utilize our NAICS code search on SAM.gov and PSC codes for government contracts to do the heavy lifting, transforming the constant flow of opportunities into a focused and manageable pipeline. Each step, from setting up saved searches to data exports and business development integration, means less time lost and more targets achieved.

Here’s an actionable 30-day checklist to boost results:

  1. Set up at least three saved searches, use combinations of keywords, NAICS codes, and set-asides.
  2. Analyze and update your active pipeline, tagging by agency and opportunity type.
  3. Do early outreach for upcoming contracts found through Sources Sought and Presolicitation notices.
  4. Build a proposal calendar based on alert and notification due dates.
  5. Track key metrics: opportunities sourced, filtered, submitted, and win rate by category.

We keep our attention focused on what matters most, refining searches, optimizing workflows, and ensuring every contract aligns with our long-term growth plans. Using advanced filters and account tools should be part of our daily routine. These steps help us find the right contracts more quickly, avoid common mistakes, and secure more business.

Staying disciplined gives us the edge. Let’s keep our process sharp, measure what matters, and revisit our strategy monthly for improved results. Thank you for reading. Share your best SAM.gov tips or your 30-day progress updates below.

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Glossary

A

Plain Language

– This major object class includes an agency’s procurement of assets, including those that have lost value (depreciated). Some examples of assets, according to this definition, include equipment, land, physical structures, investments, and loans.

Official Definition

 – This major object class covers object classes 31.0 through 33.0. Include capitalized (depreciated) assets and non-capitalized assets. This includes 31.0 Equipment 32.0 Land and structures 33.0 Investments and loans.

Each specific object class is defined in OMB Circular A-11 Section 83.6.

Plain Language

– The date the action being reported was issued / signed by the Government or a binding agreement was reached.

Official Definition

– The date the action being reported was issued / signed by the Government or a binding agreement was reached.

Plain Language

 – Provides information on the type of change made to an award. For example, the change may be the result of a continuation, revision, and/or adjustment to the completed project.

Official Definition

– Description (and corresponding code) that provides information on any changes made to the Federal prime award. There are typically multiple actions for each award.

(Note: This definition encompasses current data elements ‘Type of Action’ for financial assistance and ‘Reason for Modification’ for procurement)

Plain Language

– On this website, we use the term agency to mean any federal department, commission, or other U.S. government entity. Agencies can have multiple sub-agencies. For example, the National Park Service is a sub-agency of the U.S. Department of the Interior.

Official Definition

– On this website, we use the term agency to mean any federal department, commission, or other U.S. government entity. Agencies can have multiple sub-agencies. For example, the National Park Service is a sub-agency of the U.S. Department of the Interior.

Plain Language

– Identifies the agency responsible for a Treasury account. This is a 3-digit number that is a part of a Treasury Account Symbol (TAS).

Official Definition

– The agency code identifies the department or agency that is responsible for the account

Plain Language

– Identifies an agency that receives funds through an allocation (non-expenditure) transfer. This is a 3-digit number that is a part of a Treasury Account Symbol (TAS).

Official Definition

– The allocation agency identifies the department or agency that is receiving funds through an allocation (non-expenditure) transfer.

Plain Language

– The process by which Congress designates and approves spending for a specific purpose (e.g., a project or program). Most government spending is determined through appropriation bills each year. These bills must be passed by Congress and signed by the President.

When an appropriation is not passed by Congress before the beginning of the fiscal year, a “continuing resolution” (often referred to as a “CR”) may be enacted to avoid a government shutdown. A CR is a law that provides stopgap funding for agencies until their regular appropriations are passed.

 

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– When Congress passes a law, it often gives an agency authority to carry out a project. When this happens, Congress may set aside money for the project. An appropriation account tracks the money, much like a bank account. The appropriation account number (like a bank account number) is called a Treasury Account Symbol (TAS).

Official Definition

– The basic unit of an appropriation generally reflecting each unnumbered paragraph in an appropriation act. An appropriation account typically encompasses a number of activities or projects and may be subject to restrictions or conditions applicable to only the account, the appropriation act, titles within an appropriation act, other appropriation acts, or the Government as a whole.

An appropriations account is represented by a TAFS created by Treasury in consultation with OMB.

Plain Language

– Within a Treasury Account Symbol (TAS), this one-letter code Identifies the availability (or time period) for obligations to be made on the appropriation account. A TAS will have an “X” if there is an unlimited or indefinite period to incur new obligations.

Official Definition

– In appropriations accounts, the availability type code identifies an unlimited period to incur new obligations; this is denoted by the letter X.

Plain Language

– Money the federal government has promised to pay a recipient. Funding may be awarded to a company, organization, government entity (i.e., state, local, tribal, federal, or foreign), or individual. It may be obligated (promised) in the form of a contract, grant, loan, insurance, direct payment, etc.

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– The amount that the federal government has promised to pay (obligated) a recipient, because it has signed a contract, awarded a grant, etc.

Official Definition

– The cumulative amount obligated by the Federal Government for an award, which is calculated by USAspending.gov.

For procurement and financial assistance awards except loans, this is the sum of Federal Action Obligations.

For loans or loan guarantees, this is the Original Subsidy Cost.

Plain Language

– A unique identification number for each individual award. An award may be a contract, grant, loan, insurance, or direct payment.

Official Definition

– The unique identifier of the specific award being reported, i.e. Federal Award Identification Number (FAIN) for financial assistance and Procurement Instrument Identifier (PIID) for procurement.

Plain Language

– The federal government can distribute funding in several forms, including contracts, grants, loans, insurance, and direct payments. Award Type is a classification that provides more information about the structure of the award. Examples include:

Purchase Order (a type of contract)

Definitive Contract (a type of contract)

Block Grant (a type of grant)

Direct Loan (a type of loan)

Official Definition

         – Description (and corresponding code) that provides information to distinguish type of contract, grant, or loan and providers the user with more granularity into the method of          delivery of the outcomes.

Plain Language

– The Awarding Agency is the agency that issues and administers the award. This agency usually pays for the funding out of its own budget. In some cases, the money is financed by another agency, called the Funding Agency.

Official Definition

– The name and code associated with a department or establishment of the Government as used in the Treasury Account Fund Symbol (TAFS).

Plain Language

– The office within an agency that issues and administers the award.

Official Definition

– Name and identifier of the level of an organization that awarded, executed or is otherwise responsible for the transaction.

Plain Language

– The Awarding Sub Agency is the sub agency that issues and administers the award. For example, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is a sub agency of the Department of the Treasury.

Official Definition

– Name and identifier of the level 2 organization that awarded, executed or is otherwise responsible for the transaction.

B

Plain Language

– Funds that were not spent (obligated or outlaid) in previous years and are authorized to be spent in the current year.

Official Definition

– The definition for this element appears in Appendix F of OMB Circular A-11 issued June 2015; a brief summary from A-11 appears below. For unexpired accounts: Amount of unobligated balance of appropriations or other budgetary resources carried forward from the preceding year and available for obligation without new action by Congress. For expired accounts: Amount of expired unobligated balances available for upward adjustments of obligations.

Plain Language

– A Basic Ordering Agreement (BOA) is a type of Indefinite Delivery Vehicle (IDV). It is not a contract; it is a written understanding between government and contractor. It details the supplies or services offered. It also details pricing and delivery for future orders.

BOA’s can speed up contracting when requirements are uncertain. For instance, when specifications, quantities, and prices are not yet known.

These agreements can also help the government achieve economies of scale for part orders. For the contractor, they can lessen lead-time, enable a larger inventory investment, and lessen old inventory.

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– Identifies the first year that an appropriation account may incur new obligations. This is for annual and multi-year funds only. This is a 4-digit number representing the year (e.g., 2017). It is a part of a Treasury Account Symbol (TAS).

Official Definition

– In annual and multi-year funds, the beginning period of availability identifies the first year of availability under law that an appropriation account may incur new obligations.

Plain Language

– A Blanket Purchase Agreement (BPA) is a method federal agencies use to make repeat purchases of supplies or services. A type of Indefinite Delivery Vehicle (IDV), a BPA operates by setting up a “charge account” with trusted vendors. Both agencies and vendors often prefer BPAs because they help speed up the process of repeated purchases. Once a BPA is set up, repeat purchases are easy for both sides.

  A BPA is an agreement with an individual agency, meaning only a handful of offices can place orders on a BPA. A BPA can be awarded to a set of vendors, who will then be able to bid on upcoming orders. A BPA can be set up with or without General Services Administration (GSA) schedules. Without GSA schedules, orders are capped at the Simplified Acquisition Threshold (SAT) of $100,000.

 Examples of BPAs: 

  • Agency A establishes a BPA with a computer manufacturer for repeat laptop purchases
  • Agency B establishes a BPA with a graphic design agency for design of brochures and event signage

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– Block grants are awarded by the federal government to state and local governments for broadly defined purposes — for example, social services or community development.

Official Definition

– Block grants are given primarily to general-purpose governmental units in accordance with a statutory formula. Such grants can be used for a variety of activities within a broad functional area. Examples of federal block grant programs are the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974, and the grants to states for social services under title XX of the Social Security Act.

Plain Language

– A federal agency is only allowed to spend money if Congress provides the authority by law for that spending. That permission to spend is called “budget authority.”

Budget authority can be granted through an appropriation law, which specifies a purpose, usually a maximum amount of money, and a set time period. Budget authority can also be granted for spending unused funds from a previous year, or to spend money that the agency takes in (e.g., the National Park Service is authorized to spend fees collected for park admission regardless of the amount).

Official Definition

– The total amount of all obligation budget authority including unobligated balances carried forward, adjustments to unobligated balances carried forward, appropriated amounts, and other budgetary resources, as of the reported date.

Plain Language

– A provision of law (not necessarily in an appropriations act) authorizing an account to incur obligations and to make outlays for a given purpose. Usually, but not always, an appropriation provides budget authority.

(defined in OMB Circular A-11)

Official Definition

– A provision of law (not necessarily in an appropriations act) authorizing an account to incur obligations and to make outlays for a given purpose. Usually, but not always, an appropriation provides budget authority.

(defined in OMB Circular A-11)

Plain Language

– The federal budget is divided into approximately 20 categories, known as budget functions. These categories organize federal spending into topics based on the major purpose the spending serves (e.g., National Defense, Transportation, Health).

These are further broken down into budget sub-functions.

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– The federal budget is divided into functions and sub-functions. These categories organize federal spending into topics based on the major purpose the spending serves. There are about 20 major functions (e.g., National Defense, Transportation, Health). Most of these functions are further divided into sub-functions.

For example, the budget function for Health is divided into sub-functions for Health care services, Health research and training, and Consumer and occupational health and safety.

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– Budgetary resources mean amounts available to incur obligations in a given year. Budgetary resources consist of new budget authority (from appropriations, borrowing authority, contract authority, or offsetting collections) and unobligated balances of budget authority provided in previous years.

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

C

Plain Language

– The Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance (CFDA) provides a full listing of federal programs that are available to organizations, government agencies (state, local, tribal), U.S. territories, and individuals who are authorized to do business with the government. A CFDA program can be a project, service, or activity. Each CFDA program has a unique, 5-digit number in the form of XX.XXX. The first two digits represent the funding agency. The last three digits represent the program.

Official Definition

– The number assigned to a Federal area of work in the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance.

The title of the area of work under which the Federal award was funded in the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance.

Plain Language

– The Clinger-Cohen Act (CCA) of 1996 is a federal law designed to improve the way the federal government acquires, uses, and disposes of IT. It strives to make IT purchases more strategic.

Official Definition

– A code indicating the funding office has certified that the information technology purchase meets the planning requirements in 40 USC 11312 and 40 USC 11313.

Plain Language

– Indicates whether the transaction is subject to the Construction Wage Rate Requirements. The clause is 52.222-6 “Construction Wage Rate Requirements” -that goes with Wage Rate Requirements (Construction) (formerly Davis-Bacon Act).

Official Definition

– Indicates whether the transaction is subject to the Construction Wage Rate Requirements. The clause is 52.222-6 “Construction Wage Rate Requirements” -that goes with Wage Rate Requirements (Construction) (formerly Davis-Bacon Act).

Plain Language

– An agreement between the federal government and a prime recipient to provide goods and services for a fee.

Official Definition

– Contract means a mutually binding legal relationship obligating the seller to furnish the supplies or services (including construction) and the buyer to pay for them. It includes all types of commitments that obligate the government to an expenditure of appropriated funds and that, except as otherwise authorized, are in writing. In addition to bilateral instruments, contracts include (but are not limited to) awards and notices of awards; job orders or task letters issued under basic ordering agreements; letter contracts; orders, such as purchase orders, under which the contract becomes effective by written acceptance or performance; and bilateral contract modifications. Contracts do not include grants and cooperative agreements covered by 31 U.S.C. 6301, et seq.

Plain Language

–  Payment model for a contract. Each has a different way of accounting for costs, fees, and profits. Contract pricing types include:

Fixed Price Redetermination

Fixed Price Level of Effort

Firm Fixed Price

Fixed Price with Economic Price Adjustment

Fixed Price Incentive

Fixed Price Award Fee

Cost Plus Award Fee

Cost No Fee

Cost Sharing

Cost Plus

Fixed Fee

Cost Plus Incentive Fee

Time and Materials

Labor Hours

Official Definition

– The type of contract as defined in FAR Part 16 that applies to this procurement.

Plain Language

– A business, organization, or agency that receives funding and/or performs work on a contract. A contractor may be a corporation, small business, university, non-profit, sole proprietor, or other entity. When a company has a contract with the U.S. government, it may hire another company to perform part of the work. When this happens, the company that received the award is called the prime contractor. The company hired by the prime is called the sub-contractor.

Contractual Services and Supplies

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– Grant awarded to provide assistance. It is characterized by extended involvement between recipient and agency. It requires substantial oversight by the agency and includes reporting requirements.

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– The amount of money that the government has promised (obligated) to pay a recipient for a contract. This means the base amount and any exercised options.

Official Definition

– For procurement, the total amount obligated to date on a contract, including the base and exercised options.

D

Plain Language

– Department of Defense (DOD) code that designates a grouping of supplies, construction, or other services. Each code has letters and numbers.

Official Definition

– A claimant program number designates a grouping of supplies, construction, or other services.

Plain Language

– DUNS stands for Data Universal Numbering System. It is a unique 9-digit identification number assigned to a company or organization by Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. A DUNS is required to register in the System for Award Management (SAM).An organization must be registered in SAM (and obtain a DUNS) to do business with the federal government. There is a separate DUNS number for each business location in the Dun & Bradstreet database. The DUNS number is random, and specific digits have no significance.

Official Definition

– The unique identification number for an awardee or recipient. Currently, the identifier is the 9-digit number assigned by Dun & Bradstreet referred to as the DUNS® number.

Plain Language

– A Definitive Contract is a mutually binding legal relationship obligating the seller to provide the supplies or services (including construction) and the buyer to pay for them. It includes all types of commitments that obligate the Government to an expenditure of appropriated funds and that, except as otherwise authorized, are in writing. In addition to bilateral instruments, contracts include (but are not limited to) awards and notices of awards; job orders, or task letters, issued under basic ordering agreements; letter contracts; orders, such as purchase orders, under which the contract becomes effective by written acceptance or performance; and bilateral contract modifications.

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– An Indefinite Quantity Contract for supplies (not services) is sometimes referred to as a Delivery Order Contract. With this type of contract, the government promises to buy supplies over a period of time from a vendor. Instead of an exact amount, it sets a quantity range with a minimum and maximum.

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– A brief description of the purpose of the award.

Official Definition

–  A brief description of the purpose of the award.

Plain Language

– Direct loan means a disbursement of funds by the Government to a non-Federal borrower under a contract that requires the repayment of such funds with or without interest. The term also includes certain equivalent transactions that extend credit.

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– A cash payment made by the federal government to an individual, a private firm, or another private institution.

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– Financial assistance provided by the federal government directly to individuals, private firms, and other private institutions for a particular activity. To receive this assistance, the recipient must perform certain agreed-upon activities and meet certain milestones. Direct payments don’t include solicited contracts for the procurement of goods and services for the government.

Official Definition

– Includes financial assistance from the Federal government provided directly to individuals, private firms, and other private institutions to encourage or subsidize a particular activity by conditioning the receipt of the assistance on a particular performance by the recipient.

Plain Language

– Financial assistance provided by the federal government directly to beneficiaries who meet certain federal eligibility requirements. This type of assistance doesn’t place any restrictions on how the recipient spends the money. Some examples of direct payments include retirement, pension, and compensatory programs.

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition

Plain Language

– Disaster Emergency Fund Code (DEFC) is used to track the spending of funding for disasters and emergencies such as COVID-19. Each code links to one or more legislative bills that authorized the funding.

Official Definition

– The Office of Management and Budget (OMB), working with the Department of Treasury’s Fiscal Service, has identified a Government-wide Treasury Account Symbol Adjusted Trial Balance System (GTAS) attribute called ‘Disaster Emergency Fund Code (DEFC)’ to track appropriations classified as disaster or emergency. This code applies to the budgetary resources, obligations incurred, unobligated and obligated balances, and outlays that result from these appropriations.

As established in Memorandum M-18-08, the domain value set for DEFC is a single letter from ‘A’ to ‘Z’. The default domain value for all funding without disaster or emergency designation is ‘Q’. OMB assigns a new DEFC domain value from the set to each enacted appropriation with disaster or emergency funding. The corresponding domain title for each DEFC domain value identifies the associated public law number(s) and whether the funding is a disaster or emergency.

Memorandum M-20-21 amended the above to allow agencies to use DEFC to meet reporting requirements for COVID-19 supplemental funding, which required tracking of funds not designated as an emergency.

Agencies use the following DEFC domain values and titles for COVID-19 supplemental funding:

DEFC ‘L’ Public Law 116-123, designated as emergency

DEFC ‘M’ Public Law 116-127, designated as emergency

DEFC ‘N’ Public Law 116-136, designated as emergency

DEFC ‘O’ Public Law 116-136, Public Law 116-139, and Public Law 116-260,             not designated as emergency

DEFC ‘P’ Public Law 116-139, designated as emergency

DEFC ‘U’ Public Law 116-260, designated as emergency

DEFC ‘V’ Public Law 117-2, American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, not designated as emergency

Note that the National Interest Action (NIA) code is also used to track COVID-19 spending. However, it only applies to procurement actions (i.e., contracts) and is not necessarily tied to COVID-19 supplemental appropriations. Thus, awards with the COVID-19 NIA value may not have a COVID-19 DEFC value and vice versa.

E

Plain Language

Entity refers to prime contractors, organizations or individuals applying for assistance awards, those receiving loans, sole proprietors, corporations, partnerships, and any Federal Government agencies desiring to do business with the government.

Entity can also refer to a party which has been suspended or debarred, is covered by a prohibition or restriction, or is otherwise excluded from doing business with the government.

 

Plain Language

– Identifies the last year that an appropriation account may incur new obligations. This is for annual and multi-year funds only. This is a 4-digit number representing the year (e.g., 2018). It is a part of a Treasury Account Symbol (TAS)

Official Definition

– In annual and multi-year funds, the end period of availability identifies the last year of funds availability under law that an appropriation account may incur new obligations.

Plain Language

– A code that represents the competitive nature of the contract. Values include:

A = Full and open competition (competitive proposal, no sources excluded)

B = Not available for competition

C = Not competed

D = Full and open competition after exclusion of sources

E = Follow-on to competed for action (a follow-on to an existing competed contract)

F = Competed under Simplified Acquisition Threshold (SAP)

G = Not competed under Simplified Acquisition Threshold (SAP)

Official Definition

– A code that represents the competitive nature of the contract. Read the Federal Procurement Data System definition.

F

Plain Language

– An identification code assigned to a specific financial assistance award by an agency for tracking purposes. The FAIN is tied to that award (and all future modifications to that award) throughout the award’s life. Within an agency, FAINs are unique; a new award must be issued a new FAIN. FAIN stands for Federal Award Identification Number, though the digits may be both letters and numbers.

Official Definition

– The Federal Award Identification Number (FAIN) is the unique ID within the Federal agency for each financial assistance award.

Plain Language

– Face value of a loan is the total amount of the loan.

Since loans are expected to be paid back, face value of a loan is not considered spending. However, because not all loans are repaid, they do have costs to the government. The government’s calculation of these costs is called subsidy cost.

Official Definition

– The face value of the direct loan or loan guarantee.

Plain Language

– On this website, we use “Federal Account” to refer to the set of Treasury accounts that are grouped under a given “Federal Account Symbol.”

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– Amount of Federal Government’s obligation, de-obligation, or liability, in dollars, for an award transaction.

Official Definition

– Amount of Federal Government’s obligation, de-obligation, or liability, in dollars, for an award transaction.

Plain Language

– The Federal Supply Schedule (FSS) is a listing of contractors that have been awarded a contract by GSA that can be used by all federal agencies. This is also known as a Multiple Award Schedule (MAS).

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– A federal program, service, or activity that directly aids organizations, individuals, or state/local/tribal governments. Sectors include education, health, public safety, and public welfare – to name a few. Financial assistance is distributed in many forms, including grants, loans, direct payments, or insurance.

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– The fiscal year is an accounting period that spans 12 months. For the federal government, it runs from October 1 to September 30. For example, Fiscal Year 2017 (FY 2017) starts October 1, 2016 and ends September 30, 2017. A fiscal year may be broken down into quarters. For the federal government, these quarters are:

Q1: October – December

Q2: January – March

Q3: April – June

Q4: July – September

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– An allocation made to states (or their subdivisions, which include county and local governments, among other entities) according to law. These grants are awarded for continuing activities that aren’t confined to a specific project — for example, Medicaid.

Official Definition

– Allocations made to states (or their subdivisions) according to law or administrative regulation. These grants are awarded for continuing activities that aren’t confined to a specific project.

Plain Language

– A Funding Agency pays for the majority of funds for an award out of its budget. Typically, the Funding Agency is the same as the Awarding Agency. In some cases, one agency will administer an award (Awarding Agency) and another agency will pay for it (Funding Agency).

Official Definition

– Name and 3-digit CGAC agency code of the department or establishment of the Government that provided the preponderance of the funds for an award and/or individual transactions related to an award.

Plain Language

– The amount of money that an agency has promised to pay, usually because the agency has signed a contract, awarded a grant, or placed an order for goods or services.

In the “Financial Systems Details” tab on an award summary page, this amount refers to the funding obligated in an agency’s financial system.

Official Definition

– The definition for this element appears in Section 20 of OMB Circular A-11 issued June 2015; a brief summary from A-11 appears below.

Obligation means a binding agreement that will result in outlays, immediately or in the future. Budgetary resources must be available before obligations can be incurred legally.

Plain Language

– The office within an agency that pays the majority of funds for an award out of its budget.

Official Definition

– Name and identifier of the level n organization that provided the preponderance of the funds obligated by this transaction.

Plain Language

– A component of a larger department or agency that pays for the majority of funds for an award out of its budget. Also known as a sub-tier agency. For example, Bureau of Indian Affairs is a sub-agency of the Department of Interior.

Official Definition

– Name and identifier of the level 2 organization that provided the preponderance of the funds obligated by this transaction.

G

Plain Language

Government Wide Acquisition Contract (GWAC) is a multi-agency contract. It offers Information Technology (IT) services to agencies across the government. It is an Indefinite Delivery Vehicle (IDV) for certain types of IT work:

Systems design

Software engineering

Information assurance

Enterprise architecture

Vendors compete for the initial contracts. Once selected, they are eligible to compete further for agency-specific tasks.

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– An award of financial assistance from a federal agency to a recipient to carry out a public project or service authorized by a United States law. Unlike loans, grants do not need to be repaid. Most grants are awarded to state and local governments. On this site, you’ll see references to several types of grants, including block grants, formula grants, project grants, and cooperative agreements.

Official Definition

– A federal financial assistance award making payment in cash or in-kind for a specified purpose. The federal government is not expected to have substantial involvement with the state or local government or other recipient while the contemplated activity is being performed. The term “grant” is used broadly and may include a grant to nongovernmental recipients as well as one to a state or local government, while the term “grant-in-aid” is commonly used to refer only to a grant to a state or local government. (For a more detailed description, see the Federal Grant and Cooperative Agreement Act of 1977, 31 U.S.C. §§ 6301–6308.) The two major forms of federal grants-in-aid are block and categorical.

Plain Language

– This major object class includes grants, subsidies, and contributions to foreign countries; insurance claims; indemnities (for example, payments to veterans for death or disability, or to compensate for loss of property); interest and dividends; and refunds.

Official Definition

– This major object class covers object classes 41.0 through 44.0. This includes: 41.0 Grants, subsidies, and contributions 42.0 Insurance claims and indemnities 43.0 Interest and dividends 44.0 Refunds

Each specific object class is defined in OMB Circular A-11 Section 83.6.

Plain Language

– Loan guarantee means any guarantee, insurance, or other pledge with respect to the payment of all or a part of the principal or interest on any debt obligation of a non-Federal borrower to a non-Federal lender. The term does not include the insurance of deposits, shares, or other withdrawable accounts in financial institutions.

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

H

Plain Language

– First Name: The first name of an individual identified as one of the five most highly compensated “Executives.” “Executive” means officers, managing partners, or any other employees in management positions.

Middle Initial: The middle initial of an individual identified as one of the five most highly compensated “Executives.” “Executive” means officers, managing partners, or any other employees in management positions.

Last Name: The last name of an individual identified as one of the five most highly compensated “Executives.” “Executive” means officers, managing partners, or any other employees in management positions.

Official Definition

– First Name: The first name of an individual identified as one of the five most highly compensated “Executives.” “Executive” means officers, managing partners, or any other employees in management positions.

Middle Initial: The middle initial of an individual identified as one of the five most highly compensated “Executives.” “Executive” means officers, managing partners, or any other employees in management positions.

Last Name: The last name of an individual identified as one of the five most highly compensated “Executives.” “Executive” means officers, managing partners, or any other employees in management positions.

Plain Language

– The cash and noncash dollar value earned by one of the five most highly compensated “Executives” during the awardee’s preceding fiscal year and includes the following (for more information see 17 C.F.R. § 229.402(c)(2)): salary and bonuses, awards of stock, stock options, and stock appreciation rights, earnings for services under non-equity incentive plans, change in pension value, above-market earnings on deferred compensation which is not tax-qualified, and other compensation.

Official Definition

– The cash and noncash dollar value earned by one of the five most highly compensated “Executives” during the awardee’s preceding fiscal year and includes the following (for more information see 17 C.F.R. § 229.402(c)(2)): salary and bonuses, awards of stock, stock options, and stock appreciation rights, earnings for services under non-equity incentive plans, change in pension value, above-market earnings on deferred compensation which is not tax-qualified, and other compensation.

I

Plain Language

– An indefinite-delivery contract (IDC) facilitates the delivery of supply and service orders during a set timeframe. This type of contract is awarded to one or more vendors.

Definite Quantity Contracts, which are a type of IDC, provide for delivery of a definite quantity of supplies or services for a fixed period, with deliveries to be scheduled at designated locations upon order.

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– An Indefinite Quantity Contract is a type of Indefinite Delivery Contract (IDC). Sometimes the government contracts to buy supplies or services from a vendor over a period of time. For instances that government does not know the exact quantity, it will need, an Indefinite Quantity Contract sets a quantity range with a min and max. It does not specify an exact number. For services, this is often called a Task Order Contract. For supplies, this is often called a Delivery Order Contract.

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– Requirements contracts are for the fulfillment of all purchase requirements of supplies or services for designated government activities during a specified contract period, with deliveries to be scheduled by placing orders with the contractor.

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– Indefinite Delivery Contract (IDC) facilitates the delivery of supply and service orders during a set timeframe. This type of contract is awarded to one or more vendors.

           Types of IDC’s Include:

Indefinite Delivery / Definite Quantity Contract

Indefinite Delivery / Requirements Contract

Indefinite Delivery / Indefinite Quantity (IDIQ) Contract

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– Financial assistance provided to assure reimbursement for losses sustained under specified conditions. Coverage may be provided directly by the Federal government or through private carriers and may or may not involve the payment of premiums. See Catalog for Federal Domestic Assistance (CFDA).

L

Plain Language

– Indicates whether the transaction is subject to the Labor Standards. The clause for Labor Standards is 52.222-41 “Labor Standards” – that goes with the Service Contract Labor Standards (formerly Service Contract Act).

Official Definition

– Indicates whether the transaction is subject to the Labor Standards. The clause for Labor Standards is 52.222-41 “Labor Standards” – that goes with the Service Contract Labor Standards (formerly Service Contract Act).

Plain Language

– The Name and Code for the country in which the awardee or recipient is located, using the ISO 3166-1 Alpha-3 GENC Profile, and not the codes listed for those territories and possessions of the United States already identified as “states.”

Official Definition

– The Name and Code for the country in which the awardee or recipient is located, using the ISO 3166-1 Alpha-3 GENC Profile, and not the codes listed for those territories and possessions of the United States already identified as “states.”

Plain Language

– A federal award from the government that the borrower will eventually have to pay back. Direct loans are those made for a specific time period with a reasonable expectation of repayment; they may or may not require interest payments. Guaranteed loans require the federal government to pay the bank and take over the loan if the borrower defaults.

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– When the government makes a direct loan or guarantees a loan, it expects the loan to be repaid. However, for any given loan program (e.g., student loans, small business loan guarantees) some individual loans are not repaid. Subsidy cost is the government’s way to estimate–based on historical default rates and other factors–a loan’s likely cost to the government. Subsidy cost is computed as a percentage of the loan value, and does not include administrative costs.

While the award amount for a grant or contract is the amount that the recipient gets, for a loan, the award amount is the subsidy cost. This is because the subsidy cost is the actual cost to the government (estimated).

Official Definition

– The estimated long-term cost to the Government of a direct loan or loan guarantee, or modification thereof, calculated on a net present value basis, excluding administrative costs.

Plain Language

– When awarding emergency response contracts during a major disaster or emergency declaration by the President, the government attempts to give preference to local firms. Preference may be given through a local area set-aside or an evaluation preference.

Official Definition

– When awarding emergency response contracts during the term of a major disaster or emergency declaration by the President of the United States under the authority of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5121, et seq.), preference shall be given, to the extent feasible and practicable, to local firms. Preference may be given through a local area set-aside or an evaluation preference. Note: When the value for the data element ‘Multiple or Single Award IDV’ is ‘Single’ on the Referenced IDV, the value for ‘Local Area Set Aside’ is propagated from the BPA. When the value is ‘Multiple’ user input is required.

M

Plain Language

– This is a 4-digit number that is part of a Treasury Account Symbol (TAS) and Identifies the TAS type and purpose. It cannot be blank.

Official Definition

– The main account code identifies the account in statute.

Plain Language

– Indicates whether the transaction is subject to the Materials, Supplies, Articles, & Equip. The clause is 52.222-20 “Contracts for Materials, Supplies, Articles, and Equipment Exceeding $15,000” – that goes with Contracts for Materials, Supplies, Articles, and Equipment Exceeding $15,000 (formerly Walsh-Healey).

Official Definition

– Indicates whether the transaction is subject to the Materials, Supplies, Articles, & Equip. The clause is 52.222-20 “Contracts for Materials, Supplies, Articles, and Equipment Exceeding $15,000” – that goes with Contracts for Materials, Supplies, Articles, and Equipment Exceeding $15,000 (formerly Walsh-Healey).

Modification Number

Multi-Agency Contract (MAC)

Plain Language

–  A Multi-Agency Contract (MAC) is a task-order or delivery-order contract established by one agency for use by government agencies to obtain supplies and services.

– (No Official Definition)

Multiple Award Schedule (MAS)

Plain Language

– A listing of contractors that have been awarded a contract by GSA that can be used by all federal agencies. This is also known as a Federal Supply Schedule (FSS).

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– A recipient name of “MULTIPLE RECIPIENTS” indicates that the financial assistance award has been aggregated to protect the Personally Identifiable Information (PII) of a collection of individuals. Agencies are prohibited from publishing PII on USAspending. Aggregating involves grouping awards to individuals (typically from the same program and time period) by county (for domestic awards), state (for domestic awards), or country (for foreign awards). These records omit location information that would normally be present (street address and the last 4 digits of the ZIP code) and replace the recipient name with “MULTIPLE RECIPIENTS.” The award summary pages for these records specify the level of aggregation.

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

N

Plain Language

– NAICS stands for the North American Industrial Classification System. This 6-digit code tells you what industry the work falls into. Each contract record has a NAICS code. That means you can look up how much money the U.S. government spent in a specific industry.

The list of industries and codes is updated every 5 years.

Official Definition

– The identifier and title that represents the North American Industrial Classification System Code assigned to the solicitation and resulting award identifying the industry in which the contract requirements are normally performed

Plain Language

– The National Interest Action (NIA) code categorizes federal contracts that are related to emergency responses or other nationally significant events.

Official Definition

– The National Interest Action values are used to categorize procurement actions related to emergency contingency responses or other nationally significant events. The length of the value is no more than 4 characters. A new NIA value was created to address the COVID-19 pandemic and this value is valid for actions signed between 3/13/2020 and 9/30/2020.

           Below are examples of NIA values:

H19M – Hurricane Michael 2019

H19D – Hurricane Dorian 2019

P20C – COVID-19 2020

Note that the Disaster Emergency Fund Code (DEFC) is also used to track COVID-19 spending. However, it is not limited to contracts and is necessarily tied to COVID-19 supplemental appropriations. Thus, awards with the COVID-19 NIA value may not have a COVID-19 DEFC value and vice versa.

Plain Language

– For financial assistance, the amount of the award funded by non-Federal source(s), in dollars. Program Income (as defined in 2 C.F.R. § 200.80) is not included until such time that Program Income is generated and credited to the agreement.

Official Definition

– For financial assistance, the amount of the award funded by non-Federal source(s), in dollars. Program Income (as defined in 2 C.F.R. § 200.80) is not included until such time that Program Income is generated and credited to the agreement.

O

Plain Language

– Object class is one way to classify financial data in the federal budget. An object class groups obligations by the types of items or services purchased by the federal government. Examples: “Personnel Compensation” and “Equipment”

Official Definition

– Categories in a classification system that presents obligations by the items or services purchased by the Federal Government. Each specific object class is defined in OMB Circular A-11 § 83.6.

(defined in OMB Circular A-11

Plain Language

– When awarding funding, the U.S. government enters a binding agreement called an obligation. The government promises to spend the money, either immediately or in the future. An agency incurs an obligation, for example, when it places an order, signs a contract, awards a grant, purchases a service, or takes other actions that require it to make a payment.

Official Definition

– Obligation means a legally binding agreement that will result in outlays, immediately or in the future. When you place an order, sign a contract, award a grant, purchase a service, or take other actions that require the Government to make payments to the public or from one government account to another, you incur an obligation. It is a violation of the Antideficiency Act (31 U.S.C. § 1341(a)) to involve the Federal Government in a contract or obligation for payment of money before an appropriation is made unless authorized by law. This means you cannot incur obligations in a vacuum; you incur an obligation against budget authority in a Treasury account that belongs to your agency. It is a violation of the Antideficiency Act to incur an obligation in an amount greater than the amount available in the Treasury account that is available. This means that the account must have budget authority sufficient to cover the total of such obligations at the time the obligation is incurred. In addition, the obligation you incur must conform to other applicable provisions of law, and you must be able to support the amounts reported by the documentary evidence required by 31 U.S.C. § 1501. Moreover, you are required to maintain certifications and records showing that the amounts have been obligated (31 U.S.C. § 1108). The following subsections provide additional guidance on when to record obligations for the different types of goods and services or the amount.

Additional detail is provided in Circular A‐11.

Plain Language

– For procurement, the date on which, for the award referred to by the action being reported, no additional orders referring to it may be placed. This date applies only to procurement indefinite delivery vehicles (such as indefinite-delivery contracts or blanket purchase agreements). Administrative actions related to this award may continue to occur after this date. The period of performance end dates for procurement orders issued under the indefinite-delivery vehicle may extend beyond this date.

Official Definition

–  For procurement, the date on which, for the award referred to by the action being reported, no additional orders referring to it may be placed. This date applies only to procurement indefinite delivery vehicles (such as indefinite-delivery contracts or blanket purchase agreements). Administrative actions related to this award may continue to occur after this date. The period of performance end dates for procurement orders issued under the indefinite-delivery vehicle may extend beyond this date.

Plain Language

– A subset of budget authority. Most spending by agencies is authorized by appropriation laws; a small amount may come from money not spent in the previous year. The rest is authorized in other ways and grouped together on USAspending.gov as Other Budgetary Resources.

Official Definition

– New borrowing authority, contract authority, and spending authority from offsetting collections provided by Congress in an appropriations act or other legislation, or unobligated balances of budgetary resources made available in previous legislation, to incur obligations and to make outlays.

(defined in OMB Circular A-11)

Plain Language

– Financial assistance from the Federal Government is not described by any of the previously defined assistance types.

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– This major object class includes other miscellaneous charges.

Official Definition

– This major object class covers object classes 91.0 through 99.5. This includes: 91.0 Unvouchered 92.0 Undistributed 94.0 Financial transfers 99.0 Subtotal, obligations 99.5 Adjustment for rounding

Each specific object class is defined in OMB Circular A-11 Section 83.6.

Plain Language

– An Other Transaction (OT) Indefinite Delivery Vehicle is a transaction other than a procurement contract, grant, or cooperative agreement. Since this transaction is defined in the negative, it could take unlimited potential forms. This term is often used to refer to transactions designed to:

Support research & development for homeland security.

Advance the development, testing, and deployment of critical homeland security technologies.

Speed up prototyping and deployment of technologies addressing homeland security vulnerabilities.

 The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) often splits its use of OTs for Research and Prototype Projects.

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– An outlay occurs when federal money is actually paid out, not just promised to be paid (“obligated”).

Official Definition

– Payments made to liquidate an obligation (other than the repayment of debt principal or other disbursements that are “means of financing” transactions). Outlays generally are equal to cash disbursements but also are recorded for cash-equivalent transactions, such as the issuance of debentures to pay insurance claims, and in a few cases are recorded on an accrual basis such as interest on public issues of the public debt. Outlays are the measure of Government spending.

(defined in OMB Circular A-11)

P

Plain Language

– The identifier of the procurement award under which the specific award is issued, such as a Federal Supply Schedule. This data element currently applies to procurement actions only.

Official Definition

– The identifier of the procurement award under which the specific award is issued, such as a Federal Supply Schedule. This data element currently applies to procurement actions only.

Plain Language

–  The unique identification number for the ultimate parent of an awardee or recipient. Currently, the identifier is the 9-digit number maintained by Dun & Bradstreet as the global parent DUNS® number.

Official Definition

– The unique identification number for the ultimate parent of an awardee or recipient. Currently, the identifier is the 9-digit number maintained by Dun & Bradstreet as the global parent DUNS® number.

Plain Language

– The current date that the award ends.

Official Definition

– The current date on which, for the award referred to by the action being reported, awardee effort completes or the award is otherwise ended. Administrative actions related to this award may continue to occur after this date. This date does not apply to procurement indefinite delivery vehicles under which definitive orders may be awarded.

Plain Language

– For procurement, the date on which, the award referred to by the action being reported if all potential pre-determined or pre-negotiated options were exercised, awardee effort is completed or the award is otherwise ended. Administrative actions related to this award may continue to occur after this date. This date does not apply to procurement indefinite delivery vehicles under which definitive orders may be awarded.

Official Definition

– For procurement, the date on which, for the award referred to by the action being reported if all potential pre-determined or pre-negotiated options were exercised, awardee effort is completed or the award is otherwise ended. Administrative actions related to this award may continue to occur after this date. This date does not apply to procurement indefinite delivery vehicles under which definitive orders may be awarded.

Plain Language

– The date that the award begins.

Official Definition

– The date on which, for the award referred to by the action being reported, awardee effort begins or the award is otherwise effective.

Plain Language

– This major object class includes employee compensation, including salaries, wages, and health benefits, for federal employees. Personnel compensation and benefits apply to full-time and part-time employees, along with military personnel.

Official Definition

– This major object class consists of object classes 11, 12, and 13. This includes: 11 Personnel compensation 11.1 Full-time permanent 11.3 Other than full-time permanent 11.5 Other personnel compensation 11.6 Military personnel – basic allowance for housing 11.7 Military personnel 11.8 Special personal services payments 11.9 Total personnel compensation 12 Personnel benefits 12.1 Civilian personnel benefits 12.2 Military personnel benefits 13.0 Benefits for former personnel

Each specific object class is defined in OMB Circular A-11 Section 83.6.

Plain Language

– The total amount that could be obligated on a contract. This total includes the base plus options amount. For example, if a recipient is awarded $10M on a base contract with 3 option years at $1M each, the potential award amount is $13M.

Official Definition

– For procurement, the total amount that could be obligated on a contract, if the base and all options are exercised.

Plain Language

– The principal place of business, where the majority of the work is performed. For example, in a manufacturing contract, this would be the main plant where items are produced.

Official Definition

– The address where the predominant performance of the award will be accomplished. The address is made up of four components: City, State Code, and ZIP+4 or Postal Code.

Plain Language

– The congressional district where the principal place of business, where the majority of the work is performed. For example, in a manufacturing contract, this would be the main plant where items are produced.

Official Definition

– U.S. congressional district where the predominant performance of the award will be accomplished. This data element will be derived from the Primary Place of Performance Address.

Plain Language

– The country where the principal place of business, where the majority of the work is performed. For example, in a manufacturing contract, this would be the main plant where items are produced.

Official Definition

– Country code where the predominant performance of the award will be accomplished.

 

Plain Language

– A prime award is an agreement that the government makes with a non-federal entity for the purpose of carrying out a federal program. The entities receiving the award are known as prime recipients.

Official Definition

– A Prime Award is a federal award that is either: (1) Federal financial assistance that a non-Federal entity receives directly from a Federal awarding agency; or (2) The cost-reimbursement contract under the Federal Acquisition Regulations that a non-Federal entity receives directly from a Federal awarding agency. (Adapted from 2 CFR §200.38)

Plain Language

– A company, organization, individual, or government entity (i.e., state, local, tribal, or foreign) that receives funding directly from the U.S. government. They receive this funding through an agreement called a prime award. For example, if the Dept. of Transportation is building a bridge, they can award Bridge Company A the contract to carry out the construction. Bridge Company A would be the prime recipient.

Official Definition

– A non-Federal entity that receives a Federal award directly from a Federal awarding agency to carry out an activity under a Federal program.

Plain Language

– A unique identifier assigned to a federal contract, purchase order, basic ordering agreement, basic agreement, and blanket purchase agreement. It is used to track the contract and any modifications or transactions related to it.

Official Definition

– The unique identifier of the specific award being reported.

Read more in the Federal Acquisition Regulation.

Plain Language

– A Product or Service Code (PSC) is a 4-character code that identifies the type of product, service, or research & development (R&D) purchased. While NAICS codes identify the industry most relevant to a contract, PSCs tell you what the contract is specifically purchasing. For example, a contract’s NAICS code might point to the “Industrial Building Construction” industry, while that same contract’s PSC points to “Construct Hospitals and Infirmaries.” There are nearly three times as many PSCs (over 2,900) as there are NAICS codes (just over 1000), which in many cases allows a more granular PSC designation than NAICS code designation for a given contract.

          All PSC are 4 characters long, but there is an embedded hierarchy in the codes.

R&D: begin with ‘A’ (indicating R&D), followed by a second letter, followed by a number, followed by a number (four levels of hierarchy). Example: AA11.

Services: begin with ‘B’ to ‘Z’ (indicating the subcategory of Service), followed by a number, followed by two letters (four levels of hierarchy if you include the “Service” designation). Example: C1AA

Products: begin with two numbers (indicating the subcategory of Product), followed by two more numbers (three levels of hierarchy if you include the “Product” designation). Example: 1005

Official Definition

– The code that best identifies the product or service procured. Codes are defined in the Product and Service Codes Manual.

Plain Language

– A program activity is a category within an appropriation account. A program activity is a specific activity or project, as listed in the program and financing schedules of the annual budget of the U.S. government.

Official Definition

– A specific activity or project as listed in the program and financing schedules of the annual budget of the United States Government.

(defined in OMB Circular A-11)

Plain Language

– A system-generated Department of Defense (DOD) code, also known as the Acquisition Program (AP) Code. This code identifies the DOD program, weapons system, or equipment being acquired. It can be categorized as a Major Defense Acquisition Program (MDAP) or a Major Automated Information System (MAIS).

Official Definition

-Two codes that together identify the program and weapons system or equipment purchased by a DOD agency. The first character is a number 1-4 that identifies the DOD component. The last 3 characters identify that component’s program, system, or equipment.

Read more about this code on the General Services Administration website.

Plain Language

– Funding of specific projects for a fixed amount of time. Some examples include fellowships, scholarships, research grants, survey grants, and construction grants.

Official Definition

– Project grants provide federal funding for fixed or known periods for specific projects or the delivery of specific services or products.

Plain Language

– A Purchase Order is an offer by the government established to buy supplies or services, including construction and research and development, upon specified terms and conditions, using simplified acquisition procedures.

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

R

Plain Language

– Provides information on the type of change made to an award.

Official Definition

– Description (and corresponding code) that provides information on any changes made to the Federal prime award. There are typically multiple actions for each award.

(Note: This definition encompasses current data elements ‘Type of Action’ for financial assistance and ‘Reason for Modification’ for procurement)

Plain Language

– A company, organization, individual, or government entity (i.e., state, local, tribal, federal, or foreign), that receives funding from the U.S. government.

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– The congressional district in which the recipient is located.

Official Definition

– The congressional district in which the awardee or recipient is located. This is not a required data element for non-U.S. addresses.

Plain Language

– Legal business address of the recipient.

Official Definition

– The awardee or recipient’s legal business address where the office represented by the Unique Entity Identifier (as registered in the System for Award Management) is located. In most cases, this should match what the entity has filed with the State in its organizational documents if required. The address is made up of five components: Address Lines 1 and 2, City, State Code, and ZIP+4 or Postal Code.

Plain Language

– A recipient is a company, organization, individual, or government entity (i.e., state, local, tribal, federal, or foreign), that received funding by the U.S. government. The recipient name is the same as what’s registered in the System for Award Management (SAM.gov). This is usually the official name of the business. For individuals, the term ‘Multiple Recipients’ is used as the Recipient Name to protect individuals’ privacy.

Official Definition

– The name of the awardee or recipient that relates to the unique identifier. For U.S.-based companies, this name is what the business ordinarily files information documents with individual states (when required).

Plain Language

– Recipient/Business types are socio-economic and other organizational/business characteristics that are used to categorize federal contractors and other funding recipients. There are many different recipient/business types, and they span for-profit businesses, non-profits, government entities, individuals, and foreign entities. Some examples are:

  • Historically Black College or University
  • Veteran-Owned Business
  • Historically Underutilized Business Zone (HUBZone) Firm
  • Sole Proprietorship
  • Foundation

You can search and filter on all recipient types on this site.

Official Definition

– A collection of indicators of different types of recipients based on socio-economic status and organization / business areas.

Plain Language

– Code indicating whether an action is an Aggregate Record (Record Type = 1), a Non-aggregate Record (Record Type = 2), or a Non-Aggregate Record to an Individual Recipient with Redacted Personally Identifiable Information (Record Type = 3).

Official Definition

– Code indicating whether an action is an Aggregate Record (Record Type = 1), a Non-aggregate Record (Record Type = 2), or a Non-Aggregate Record to an Individual Recipient with Redacted Personally Identifiable Information (Record Type = 3).

Plain Language

– A recipient name of “REDACTED DUE TO PII” indicates that the associated financial assistance award was issued to an individual whose name and other Personally Identifiable Information (PII) were redacted, as required by law. Along with masking the individual’s name with “REDACTED DUE TO PII,” these records omit location information that would otherwise be present (street address and the last 4 digits of the ZIP code).

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

S

Plain Language

– A tool used to award contracts to specific types of businesses. Most set-asides reserve contracts for small businesses. Others are more specific, to support small businesses with specific designations, such as veteran-owned businesses or small disadvantaged business types.

Official Definition

– The designator for the type of set aside determined for the contract action.

Plain Language

– For certain types of government purchases between $3,000 and $150,000. These purchases may require less approval and less documentation.

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– When an agency needs work done, it can ask for information or bids on the work. These requests are called solicitations. They often come as a RFI (Request for Information) or RFP (Request for Proposal).

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– On this site, the term spending could either describe obligations (amount awarded) or outlays (amount paid out).

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– Sub Account Code (SUB) is a component of the TAS that identifies a Treasury-defined subdivision of a Federal Account (AID + MAIN). Most Federal Accounts do not have subdivisions. 000 is the default SUB; if 000 is the only SUB under a given Federal Account, it has not been subdivided

Official Definition

– This is a component of the TAS. Identifies a Treasury-defined subdivision of the main account. This field cannot be blank. Sub Account 000 indicates the Parent account.

Plain Language

– A sub-award is an agreement that a prime recipient makes with another entity to perform a portion of their award. On our website, these recipients are known as sub-recipients. Sub-awards might also be referred to as a sub-contract or a sub-grant.

 

Official Definition

– An award provided by a pass-through entity to a subrecipient for the subrecipient to carry out part of a federal award received by the pass-through entity. It does not include payments to a contractor or payments to an individual that is a beneficiary of a federal program. A subaward may be provided through any form of legal agreement, including an agreement that the pass-through entity considers a contract. (2CFR)

Plain Language

– A company, organization, individual, or government entity (i.e., state, local, tribal, or foreign) that receives funding from another recipient of federal funds (a prime recipient), rather than directly from the U.S. government. The sub-recipient may be a sub-contractor or a sub-grantee. For example, the Dept. of Transportation awards Bridge Company A a bridge construction contract. Bridge Company A needs Bridge Company B to supply the steel, so Bridge Company A awards Bridge Company B a sub-award. Bridge Company B is the sub-contractor. On the grants side, University A receives an R&D grant from the National Science Foundation. University A needs University B to perform the initial step in the research, so University A awards University B a sub-award. University B is the sub-grantee.

Official Definition

– A non-Federal entity that receives a sub-award from a pass-through entity to carry out part of a federal program; but does not include an individual that is the beneficiary of such program. (grants.gov)

T

Plain Language

– An Indefinite Quantity Contract for services (not supplies) is sometimes referred to as a Task Order Contract. With this type of contract, the government promises to buy services over a period of time from a vendor. Instead of an exact amount, it sets a range with a minimum and maximum.

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– A transaction can be the initial contract, grant, loan, or insurance award or any amendment or modification to that award.

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– Treasury and OMB assign a code to each appropriation, receipt, or fund account. This code is similar to a bank account number. It helps identify financial transactions in the federal government. It also aids in reporting accuracy. TAS are sometimes referred to as ‘program source’ in legislation. On this website, we group each set of Treasury Accounts that share an Agency Identifier and Main Account Code into a “Federal Account”.

            Seven components make up the TAS:

Allocation Transfer Agency Identifier (ex. 089)

Agency Identifier (ex. 020)

Beginning Period of Availability (ex. 2017)

Ending Period of Availability (ex. 2018)

Availability Type Code (used if there are not specific beginning/ending years) (ex. X)

Main Account Code (ex. 0114)

Sub Account Code (ex. 000)

             Example TAS:

089-020-2017/2018-0114-000

089-020-2017/2017-0114-000

089-020-X-0114-000

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

U

Plain Language

– On this site, URI stands for Unique Record Identifier.

Official Definition

– (No Official Definition)

Plain Language

– The name of the ultimate parent of the awardee or recipient. Currently, the name is from the global parent DUNS® number.

Official Definition

– The name of the ultimate parent of the awardee or recipient. Currently, the name is from the global parent DUNS® number.

Plain Language

– The amount of money out of an account that has yet to be awarded or obligated (promised to be spent).

Official Definition

– Unobligated balance means the cumulative amount of budget authority that remains available for obligation under law in unexpired accounts at a point in time. The term “expired balances available for adjustment only” refers to unobligated amounts in expired accounts.

Additional detail is provided in Circular A‐11.